With polls showing the decision on the fate of the United Kingdom is too close to call, welfare spending and the future of the revered National Health System have formed a central part of nationalist Alex Salmond's case for secession.
In a deal brokered by former Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown, the leaders of Britain's three main political parties said they would retain the funding equation that sustains a higher level of public spending north of the border.
"People want to see change," said the agreement, published in Scotland's Daily Record newspaper and signed by Prime Minister David Cameron, Labour leader Ed Miliband and Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg.
"A no vote will deliver faster, safer and better change than separation," the agreement said.
Cameron, whose job is on the line if Scots vote to break the United Kingdom, warned on his last visit to Scotland before Thursday's vote that there would be no going back and that any separation could be painful.
British leaders accept that even if Scotland votes to keep the 307-year union, the United Kingdom's structure will have to change as the rush to grant so many powers to Scotland will provoke calls for a less centralised state from voters in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
Swathes of voters in the former industrial heartlands of northern England and Wales depend on state welfare spending while some English lawmakers in Cameron's own party have asked already asked for England to be given more powers.
BIGGEST THREAT
In the face of the biggest internal threat to the United Kingdom since Ireland broke away nearly a century ago, Britain's establishment - from Cameron and the City of London to soccer star David Beckham - have united in an almost panicked effort to implore Scots that the United Kingdom is "Better Together".
"There's no going back from this. No re-run. If Scotland votes 'yes' the UK will split and we will go our separate ways forever," Cameron, his voice at times faltering with emotion, said in Aberdeen, the centre of Scotland's oil industry.
"Don't think: I'm frustrated with politics right now, so I'll walk out the door. If you don't like me I won't be here forever. If you don't like this government it won't last forever. But if you leave the UK that will be forever."
The visit by Cameron, who is also grappling with what to do about Islamist militants in Syria and Iraq, drew a swift rebuttal from nationalist leader Salmond who argued Scotland had a historic opportunity to rule its own affairs.
"The next time he comes to Scotland it will not be to love-bomb or engage in desperate last-minute scaremongering – and following a Yes vote it will be to engage in serious post-referendum talks," the 59-year-old Scottish leader said.
If Scots vote for independence, Britain and Scotland would face 18 months of negotiations over everything from North Sea oil and the pound to European Union membership and Britain's main nuclear submarine base.
The prospect of breaking up the United Kingdom, the world's sixth largest economy and a veto-wielding permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, has prompted citizens and allies alike to ponder what would be left.
The White House said it would prefer the United Kingdom to remain "strong, robust and united" while Martin Amis, one of Britain's best-known novelists, said secession would be a leap in the dark.
"What would be left of it if Scotland got out is a very diminished country," said Amis, whose novels have explored the darker side of British life.
Sterling has fallen on the risk of a secession vote but prices for Britain's currency, bonds and stocks indicate investors are not yet pricing in a vote for independence.
YES OR NO?
Aside from the finance and geopolitics of a secession vote, on the streets of Scotland the battle for voters was reaching its peak before the last full day of campaigning on Wednesday, when several opinion polls are due to be released.
Voters will be asked on Thursday to answer Yes or No to the question "Should Scotland be an independent country?".
Brown pressed the unionist case in a speech to Labour supporters in Clydebank, once home to much of Scotland's shipbuilding industry.
"I yield to noone in my patriotic pride in being Scottish," Brown said. "The effect on September 18 if you vote 'Yes' is to end every single last remaining link that exists, the connections that we have with our friends, neighbours and relatives."
The Glasgow-based Herald newspaper on Tuesday came out in favour of Scotland staying within the United Kingdom but said greater autonomy must follow.
It rejected the notion that an independent Scotland would be a disaster and said that the current set-up did not meet Scotland's needs and aspirations.
But on the Isle of Lewis there was support for Scotland running its own affairs.
"Very simply I want the people of Scotland to make decisions for Scotland," said Margaret Ann MacLeod, 46, a dental hygienist, in the island's main town Stornoway.
Seeking to tap into a cocktail of historical rivalry, opposing political tastes, and a perception that London has mismanaged Scotland for decades, nationalists say an independent Scotland could build a wealthier and fairer country.
Unionists say independence would needlessly break up the United Kingdom and usher in years of financial, economic and political uncertainty. They have warned that Scotland would not keep the pound as part of a formal currency union.
The debate raged on the streets and in the media.
Hugh Reilly, in a column in the Scotsman, evoked the 1314 Battle of Bannockburn, when Robert the Bruce defeated England's King Edward, to whip up sentiment for a "Yes" vote.
"A Scots army, this time made up of voters, has a date with destiny," he wrote.
He also quoted national poet Robert Burns, who had described those who signed the 1707 Act of Union as a "parcel of rogues".
"On Thursday Scots have a once in a lifetime chance to end 300 years of being a junior partner in the artificial country known as Britain," Reilly wrote.
But in the same newspaper, Peter Jones accused Salmond of "crude, faith-based nationalism". He said Salmond had run "the most dishonest, deceiving and duplicitous campaign I have ever known in politics".
(Additional reporting by Angus MacSwan and by Cathal MacNaughton of the Isle of Lewis; editing by Janet McBride)
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