The address to the Centre for European Policy Studies comes after the latest UK government paper criticising Scottish independence.
Meanwhile, the SNP's Angus Robertson will make a speech in Dublin focusing on Scotland's role in Europe.
The people of Scotland decide on their country's future on 18 September.
They will be asked the straight "yes/no" question: "Should Scotland be an independent country?"
If voters opt for independence, the current Scottish government says it wants to make the transition to EU membership within 18 months.
However, Mr Carmichael will say: "The 18-month timetable the first minister proposes to place both on himself and the rest of the EU is a negotiating position of extraordinary weakness.
"One man's obsession to deliver independence not just to a specific timetable, but to a specific day of the week, would not just undermine Alex Salmond's hand in negotiations, but Scotland's future in Europe.
"Instead of showing he has Scotland's interests at heart, this obsession with a date rather than the deal reveals just how much of a vanity project this really is.
Angus Robertson believes a yes Scotland will have a better place in the world
"Of course the reality is that the terms of membership could not be known until such a time as they were agreed."
He will add that the Scottish government was "morally bound" to set out in detail what terms of membership they would seek.
The SNP argues that Scotland has already suffered a bad deal in Europe as part of the UK.
In a speech last week, Deputy First Minister Nicola Sturgeon drew on calculations that Scotland could have expected an extra £850m in funds through the common agricultural policy, leading to a £1bn economic boost between this year and 2020.
The Scottish government's White Paper, published on 26 November last year, said the 18-month timetable was "realistic".
In his speech at the Institute for International and European Affairs, Mr Robertson will argue that independence means Scotland taking its place in the international community and playing a "positive, proactive international role".
'Anti-Europe agenda'
The SNP's foreign affairs spokesman, will add: "We will be able to promote a bigger role for the British-Irish Council that brings together the home nations, work constructively within the European Union and join our Northern European neighbours to fully address the challenges and opportunity of our region.
"Scotland will be a trusted security partner for our allies, play a full role in the Commonwealth, properly fulfil our international development responsibilities and we have an ambition to fully support peace and reconciliation efforts around the world."
He will continue: "This contrasts with an ever growing parochial anti-European agenda at Westminster.
"Sadly politics at a UK level is massively influenced by the anti-immigration, europhobic agenda of UKIP and large swathes of the Tory Party, which is almost entirely absent in Scotland.
"Their priorities are leaving the EU, walking away from European Human Rights commitments and ignoring the opening gulf in political priorities with Scotland."
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